Locomotion and Movements NCERT Solutions

One of the most important characteristics of living things is movement. Animals and plants move in a variety of ways. Locomotion refers to such voluntary movements. Locomotory movement includes walking, running, climbing, flying, and swimming. Locomotory structures do not have to be distinct from those affecting other types of movement. Animal locomotion methods vary according to their habitats and the demands of the situation. Locomotion is necessary for a variety of reasons, including finding food, shelter, a mate, suitable breeding grounds, favourable climatic conditions, and evading predators. The following topics are covered in Locomotion and Movement: Movement types include ciliary, flagellar, and muscular movement; skeletal muscle, contractile proteins, and muscle contraction; the skeletal system and its functions; joints; and muscular and skeletal system disorders such as myasthenia gravis, tetany, and muscular dystrophy.

1. Draw the diagram of a sarcomere of skeletal muscle showing different regions.

Solution:

The figure below represents the sarcomere of skeletal muscle showing different regions:

2. Define sliding filament theory of muscle contraction.

Solution:

Sliding filament theory can be defined as a theory which states that the contraction of a muscle fibre occurs due to the sliding of the thin filaments over thick filaments.

3. Describe the important steps in muscle contraction.

Solution:

The mechanism of muscle contraction is best explained by the sliding filament theory which states that the contraction of a muscle fibre occurs due to the sliding of the thin filaments over the thick filaments.

Mechanism of muscle contraction:

Step 1 : Sarcolemma depolarizes

The central nervous system(CNS) sends a signal through a motor neuron that arrives at the motor end plate or the neuromuscular junction
The neuromuscular junction is the junction present between the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber and the motor neuron
The signal that arrives at the neuromuscular junction triggers the release of a neurotransmitter known as acetylcholine. This release sets the action potential in the sarcolemma.

Step 2 : Calcium ions are releases

The action potential is transmitted by the sarcolemma to the sarcoplasmic reticulum in order to release the calcium ions in the sarcoplasm

Step 3 : Actin filaments is subjected to conformational changes

The calcium ions that are releases, tends to bind to the tropomyosin and troponin located on the active filaments
The linkage causes a modification in the three-dimensional structure of the actin-troponin-tropomyosin complex. The active site for myosin located on the actin filament is exposed.

Step 4 : Myosin heads are activated

The release of the calcium ions causes the myosin heads to get activated which inturn causes the release of energy in the form of ATP
Hydrolysis of ATP releases energy that causes the binding of myosin heads to the active sites found on the actin filaments thereby forming a cross-bridge

Step 5 : Actin Filaments slide over Myosin

Formation of cross-bridge causes the myosin head to rotate, pulling the actin filaments to the centre of the A-band which is the H-zone
The z-line that is attached to the actin filaments is pulled inwards too
The sarcomere contracts when the actin filaments are pulled in the opposite ends
The I-band shortens during the process of contraction whereas the A-band maintains its length causing the muscles to contract.

4. Write true or false. If false change the statement so that it is true.

(a) Actin is present in thin filament

(b) H-zone of striated muscle fibre represents both thick and thin filaments.

(d) There are 11 pairs of ribs in man.

(e) Sternum is present on the ventral side of the body.

Solution:

Actin is present in thin filament – True
H-zone of striated muscle fibre represents both thick and thin filaments – False

Corrected statement: H-zone of the striated muscle fiber represents only thick filaments

Human skeleton has 206 bones – True
There are 11 pairs of ribs in man – False

Corrected statement: There are 12 pairs of ribs in man.

Sternum is present on the ventral side of the body – True

5. Write the difference between:

(a) Actin and Myosin

(b) Red and White muscles

Solution:

The differences are as follows:

a) Actin and myosin

Actin

Myosin

Forms thin filaments (I-bands) of the myofilament

Forms thick filaments (A-bands) of the myofilament

Built of globular actin monomers

Built of meromyosin monomers

Tropnin and tropomyosin – the regulatory proteins, are linked with the actin

The regulatory proteins are not linked, instead each of the meromyosin is built of four light chains and two identical heavy chains

b) Red and white muscles

Parameters

Red muscles

White muscles

Myoglobin content

High

Low

Amount of sarcoplasmic reticulum

Moderate

High

Fibers

Narrow and thin

Broad and thick

Mitochondria

Possess many

Few

Fatigue

Not fatigued

Fatigued

Type of respiration from which energy is derived

Aerobic

Anaerobic

c) Pectoral and Pelvic girdle

Pectoral girdle

Pelvic girdle

Pectoral girdle is also known as the shoulder girdle

Pelvic girdle is also known as the hip girdle

Each part/half of the girdle consists of two bones – clavicle and scapula

Each part/half of the girdle consists of three bones – ischium, ilium and pubis

It offers forelimb articulation

It offers hindlimb articulation

Head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the pectoral girdle

Head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvic girdle

6. Match Column I with Column II:

Column I

Column II

(a) Smooth muscle

(i) Myoglobin

(b) Tropomyosin

(ii) Thin filament

(iii) Sutures

(d) Skull

(iv) Involuntary

Solution:

Column I

Column II

(a) Smooth muscle

(iv) Involuntary

(b) Tropomyosin

(ii) Thin filament

(i) Myoglobin

(d) Skull

(iii) Sutures

7. What are the different types of movements exhibited by the cells of human body?

Solution:

Movement is one of the fundamental characteristics observed in the living entities. The different types of movements exhibited by the human body cells are as follows:

Amoeboid Movement – The cells that exhibit this type of movement are leucocytes found in blood. Leucocytes from the circulatory system move towards the injury site when there is a damage to the tissue in order to initiate an immune response.
Muscular movement – this type of movement is exhibited by muscle cells
Ciliary movement – The type of cells that exhibit this type of movement are sex cells(sperms and ova). This movement facilitates the passage of ova via the fallopian tube on its way to the uterus

8. How do you distinguish between a skeletal muscle and a cardiac muscle?

Solution:

The differences between a skeletal muscle and a cardiac muscles is as follows:

Skeletal muscle

Cardiac muscle

Linked to the primary bones

Located in the walls of the heart

Voluntary in nature

Involuntary in nature

Nucleus is peripherally located

Nucleus is centrally located

The muscle fibers of the skeletal muscles are unbranched

The muscle fibers of the cardiac muscles are branched

Muscle fibers of the skeletal muscles do not show intercalated discs

Intercalated discs are found in the muscle fibers of the cardiac muscles

Bring about the locomotory actions of the body and maintains body posture

Responsible for the movement/motion of the heart

9. Name the type of joint between the following:-

(a) atlas/axis

(b) carpal/metacarpal of thumb

(d) femur/acetabulum

(e) Between cranial bones

(f) Between pubic bones in the pelvic girdle

Solution:

The types of joints are as follows:

(a) atlas/axis – Pivot joint

(b) carpal/metacarpal of thumb – Saddle joint

(d) femur/acetabulum – Ball and socket joint

(e) Between cranial bones – Fibrous joint

(f) Between pubic bones in the pelvic girdle – cartilaginous joint

10. Fill in the blank spaces:

(a) All mammals (except a few) have __________ cervical vertebra.

(b) The number of phalanges in each limb of human is __________

(d) In a muscle fibre Ca++ is stored in __________

(e) __________ and __________ pairs of ribs are called floating ribs.

(f) The human cranium is made of __________ bones

Solution:

Seven
Fourteen
Troponin, tropomyosin
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Eleventh, twelfth
Eight