Living World 

Characteristics of Living World​

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Growth​​​​

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• Growth is an essential characteristic of all living things. Some non-living things, such as clouds, exhibit growth. As a result, growth is not a defining characteristic of Life. Non-living things, on the other hand, grow as a result of the accumulation of matter from  outside. A living being's growth, on the other hand, is caused by internal processes such as cell division. The majority of plants grow indeterminately, whereas animal growth is definite

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Reproduction

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•  Through the process of reproduction, all living beings produce offspring. Reproduction is critical for maintaining a species' lineage. Sexual and asexual reproduction are the two main types of reproduction. Honey bee drones and sterile organisms do not reproduce. As a result, growth is not a distinguishing feature of living organisms.

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Metabolism

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• A living organism's chemicals are constantly changing. This is known as metabolism. Metabolism is divided into two processes: anabolism and catabolism.

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Anabolism

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• The process of synthesis of any substance is called anabolism, e.g. photosynthesis.

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Catabolism

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• The process of breaking up of a substance is called catabolism, e.g. respiration. It is defining property of life.

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Response to External Stimuli

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• External stimuli elicit responses in all living organisms. External stimuli include light, heat, chemicals, other organisms, and so on. The ability to respond to external stimuli is critical for an organism's survival. It is a defining characteristic of life.

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Diversity of Living World

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• The number and types of organisms present on earth refer to biodiversity. Number of species described is 1.7-1.8 million.

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Taxonomy(Systematics)

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• It is the study of organism identification, classification, nomenclature, and documentation. Systematics (Latin for "systema") refers to the systematic arrangement of organisms. Linnaeus wrote the book Systema Naturae.

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Processes of Taxonomy

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• Characterization is the understanding of an organism's characteristics such as external and internal structure, cell structure, development process, ecological information, and so on.

• Identification: Nomenclature is only possible if the organism is correctly described and we know what organism the name refers to. This is called identification.

• Classification is the division of organisms into useful categories (taxa) based on similarities and differences in their characteristics.

• Nomenclature (naming) is the process of assigning standardised names to organisms so that they are known by the same name all over the world.

• Carolus Linnaeus proposed the two-component naming system (Binomial nomenclature). Botanical names are determined by the rules outlined in the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN). Zoological names are derived from

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Universal Rules of Binomial Nomenclature

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• Scientific names are usually written in Latin and italicised. The first word is the genus name (also known as the generic name), and the second word is the species name (specific epithet). The names are underlined when written by hand. The names appear in italics. The first name (Genus) begins with a capital letter, while the second name (Species) begins with a small letter. For example, Homo sapiens—Homo is the genus name, and sapiens is the species name.

• The author's name appears after the specific epithet, that is, at the end of the biological name, and is written in abbreviated form, for example, Mangifera indica Linn. It indicates that Linnaeus was the first to describe this species.

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Nomenclature and Identification:

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• Different languages have different names for the same organism. It is impossible for anyone to remember the names of organisms in all languages. As a result, a standardised system of organism nomenclature is required. A consistent system of nomenclature and identification aids scientists in their systematic study of living things. The International Code for Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) applies to plants, while the International Code for Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) applies to animals.

• Most biological names are written in Latin. Italics are used to emphasise them.

• A biological name typically consists of two terms. The first term refers to the genus, while the second refers to the species.

• When handwritten, the biological name is underlined.

• The biological name's first term begins with

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Taxonomic Categories

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• Various steps of the classification hierarchy are called taxonomic categories. Each The category represents a rank and is commonly referred to as the taxon.

• Species: A species is a group of individuals with the ability to interbreed among themselves. Members of a species share many characteristics. For example, all tigers are referred to as Panthera tigris. Because they can all interbreed, they are all classified as one species.

• Genus: A genus is a group of closely related species. Panthera is the genus name for the lion (Panthera leo), leopard (Panthera pardus), and tiger (Panthera tigris). Solanum also includes potatoes, tomatoes, and brinjal.

• A family is a collection of closely related genera. Potato and chilli, for example, are members of the Solanaceae family. Similarly, the genera Panthera and Felis are members of the same family.

• Similarly, the genera Panthera and Felis are members of the Felidae family.

• Order refers to a group of closely related families. Convolvulaceae and Solanaceae, for example, are plant families in the order Polymoniales. Felidae and Concidae are also members of the order Carnivora.

• Class: A class is a group of orders that are closely related. For example, the orders Primata and Carnivora are classified as Mammalia.

• Phylum: A phylum is a group of closely related classes. The term phylum has been replaced with division in the Plant Kingdom. Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, and Mammalia are all members of the Phylum Chordata.

• The Kingdom refers to the collection of all related phyla. For example, the Plant Kingdom includes all autotrophic eukaryotic organisms with chloroplasts. Similarly, all heterotrophic organisms that are eukaryotic and do not have a cell wall are classified as Animal Kingdom.

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MUSEUM

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• A museum is a collection of preserved plants and animals for research and education. A museum houses Preserved specimens in containers or jars in preservative solutions. Plant and animal specimens that have been preserved as dry specimens.

• After collecting, killing, and pinning, insects are preserved in insect boxes. Larger animals, such as birds and mammals, are stuffed. Animal skeleton collections.

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ZOOLOGICAL PARKS (ZOOS)

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• These are facilities where live wild animals are kept in safe environments under human supervision. It allows you to learn about their eating habits and behaviour.

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Key

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• It is a device that is used to identify each species within a group of organisms based on similarities and differences.

• The keys are based on the contrasting characters in a pair known as a couplet. It represents the decision between two opposing options. Each statement in the key is referred to as a lead.

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Flora, Manuals, Monographs & Catalogues

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• These are some other methods for documenting descriptions. They also aid in proper identification.

• Flora is a detailed account of the habitat and distribution of plant species in a given area.

• Manuals help in providing information for identification of names of species found in an area.

• Monographs contain information about a single taxon.